[转帖]石油泄漏事故现场处置方案（一）

tft00

<p align="center" style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><b><font face="宋体" color="#00009e">一、基本特性</font></b></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US">1</span>、标识</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>中文名：石油；石脑油；粗汽油</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>别<span lang="EN-US"> </span>名：原矿油；原石油；原油</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>英文名：<span lang="EN-US">Crude oil</span></font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>分子式：碳侣<span lang="EN-US">84-85%</span>，氢侣<span lang="EN-US">12-14%</span></font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>分子量：</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> CAS</span>号：<span lang="EN-US">8030</span>－<span lang="EN-US">30</span>－<span lang="EN-US">6</span></font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> RTECS</span>号：<span lang="EN-US">DE3030000</span></font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> UN</span>编号：<span lang="EN-US">1256</span></font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>危险货物编号：<span lang="EN-US">32004</span></font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> IMDG</span>规则页码：<span lang="EN-US">3264</span></font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US">2</span>、理化性质</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>外观与形状：红色、红棕色或黑色有绿色荧光的稠厚性油状液体</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>主要用途：可分离出多种有机原料，如汽油、煤油、、苯、沥青等</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>熔点（℃）：<span lang="EN-US"> </span>相对密度（水<span lang="EN-US">=1</span>）：<span lang="EN-US">0.78-0.97</span>（比水轻）</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>沸点（℃）：<span lang="EN-US">100-177 </span>相对密度<span lang="EN-US">(</span>空气<span lang="EN-US">=1):</span></font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>饱和蒸气压（<span lang="EN-US">KPa</span>）：</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>溶解性：不溶于水，溶于多数有机溶剂</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>临界温度（℃）：<span lang="EN-US"> </span>临界压力（<span lang="EN-US">MPa</span>）：</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>燃烧热（<span lang="EN-US">KJ</span>／<span lang="EN-US">mo1</span>）：<span lang="EN-US"> </span>最小引燃能量（<span lang="EN-US">mJ</span>）：</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US">3</span>、包装与储运<span lang="EN-US"> </span></font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>危险性类别：第<span lang="EN-US">3.2</span>类<span lang="EN-US"> </span>中闪点易燃液体</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>危险货物包装标志：<span lang="EN-US">7 </span>包装类别：（<span lang="EN-US">I</span>）<span lang="EN-US">1</span></font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>储运注意事项：储存于阴凉、通风仓间内。远离火种、热源。仓温不宜超过<span lang="EN-US">30</span>℃。防止阳光直射。应与氧化剂分开存放。储存间内的照明、通风等设施应采用防爆型。配备相应品种和数量的消防器材。罐储时要有防火防爆技术措施。禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具。灌装时流速不超过<span lang="EN-US">3</span>米／秒，且有接地装置，防止静电积聚。搬运时要轻装轻卸，防止包装及容器损坏。</font></p><p align="center" style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><b><font face="宋体" color="#00009e">二、危害特点</font></b></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US">1</span>、燃烧爆炸危险性</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>燃烧性：易燃<span lang="EN-US"> </span>建筑火险分级：<span lang="EN-US"> </span>甲</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>闪点（℃）：－<span lang="EN-US">20</span>—<span lang="EN-US">61 </span>爆炸下限（<span lang="EN-US">V%</span>）：<span lang="EN-US">1.9</span></font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>自燃温度（℃）：<span lang="EN-US">232-277 </span>爆炸上限（<span lang="EN-US">V%</span>）：<span lang="EN-US">12</span></font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>危险特性：其蒸气与空气形成爆炸混合物<span lang="EN-US">,</span>遇明火、高热能引起燃烧爆炸。遇明火高热能引起燃烧爆炸。与氧化剂能发生强烈反应。若遇高热，容器内压增大，有开裂和爆炸的危险。</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>燃烧（分解）产物：一氧化碳、二氧化碳</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>稳定性：稳定<span lang="EN-US"> </span>避免接触的条件：受热、光照</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>聚合危害：不能出现</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>禁忌物：强氧化剂</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US">2</span>、扩散性</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>粘度低的油品流动扩散性强；重质油品的粘度虽然很高，但随着温度的升高亦能增强其流动扩散性。</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US">3</span>、毒性及健康危害性</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>接触限值：中国<span lang="EN-US">MAC</span>：未制定标准<span lang="EN-US"> </span>苏联<span lang="EN-US">MAC</span>：未制定标准<span lang="EN-US"> </span></font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>美国<span lang="EN-US">TWA</span>：未制定标准<span lang="EN-US"> ACGIH: 400 ppm; 1590 mg/m3</span></font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>美国<span lang="EN-US">STEL</span>：未制定标准</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>侵入途径：吸入 食入</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>毒<span lang="EN-US"> </span>性：属低毒类</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> LD50</span>：<span lang="EN-US">500-5000mg/kg</span>（哺乳动物吸入）</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> LC50</span>：<span lang="EN-US">16000 mg/m3 4</span>小时（大鼠吸入）</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>健康危害：石脑油蒸气可引起眼及上呼吸道刺激症状，如浓度过高，几分钟即可引起呼吸困难、紫绀等缺氧症状。</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US">4</span>、带电性</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"> </span>石油的电阻率一般在<span lang="EN-US">1012</span>欧厘米左右，当沿着管道流动与管壁摩擦和在运输过程中，因受到震荡与车、船罐壁冲击时都会产生静电。</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"></span></font></p><p align="center" style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><b><font face="宋体" color="#00009e">三、战术要点</font></b></p><p align="center" style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;">　</p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US">1</span>、遵循“疏散救人、划定区域、有序处置、确保安全”的战术原则；</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US">2</span>、确保重点，积极防御，防止引发燃烧爆炸；</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US">3</span>、严格控制进入现场人员，组织精干小组，采取泡沫覆盖、砂土或围栏围堵、开沟引流等措施，并加强行动掩护；</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US">4</span>、充分利用固定、半固定设施和采取工艺处理措施；</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US">5</span>、在上风安全区域建立指挥部，及时形成通讯网络，保障调度指挥；</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US">6</span>、严密监视险情，果断采取进攻及撤离行动；</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US">7</span>、全面检查，彻底清理，消除隐患，安全撤离。</font></p><p style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 2px; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="宋体" color="#00009e" size="2"><span lang="EN-US"></span></font></p>