3.5 建筑安全管理研究展望

ceshi

第五节  建筑安全管理研究展望  
    纵观国内外学者对建筑安全管理方面的研究，可见以下几点：  
        （1）由于建筑业生产模式的特殊性（单件性、离散性、劳动密集型等），任何成功的建筑安全管理理论和方法都必须具备比较好的灵活性（能够适用于不同项目、不同建筑企业）、实用性（操作简单、可靠，易于被现场施工人员掌握）、整体性（能够同时帮助施工企业实现质量、劳动生产率和成本控制等目标），才能够对施工现场的安全管理起到切实有效的帮助作用。  
        （2）目前建筑安全的研究工作大都基于对具体施工项目和事故案例的分析，要保证研究成果的可靠性，就必须对大量有代表性的建筑项目和安全事故进行深入细致的分析。因此，对建筑安全的研究往往需要投入较大的成本和较长的时间，而研究结果的适用范围则取决于研究的条件和基础材料。  
        （3）建筑安全研究是一个跨学科的交叉领域，不仅仅需要安全科学方面的知识和方法，还需要结合管理学、经济学、工效学、医学以及建筑科学等多种学科的相关理论。无论是对于文化、成本、组织还是技术的研究，都必须综合考虑各个方面的影响。  
        （4）从世界范围内看，建筑业仍旧属于劳动密集型行业。建筑业从业人员的整体素质偏低，因此，在设计研究方法的过程中应该充分考虑到人为因素对研究结果的影响。调查和研究方法应该尽量简单直观，能够清楚地表明与研究结果之间的关系。  
        （5）加强定量研究，建立具体的操作规程和标准。只有明确可量度的指标才能够有效控制风险。在现阶段我国建筑业从业人员素质偏低、安全知识匾乏的条件下，建立可以量化的操作标准，不仅有利于为从业人员建立工作目标，而且便于管理。  
       展望建筑安全研究的发展趋势，有待研究的问题如下。  
        （1）对安全的管理和控制要消耗一定的资源，如何有效地利用这些资源是提高安全管理水平的关键。对施工现场影响安全的因素进行定量与定性相结合的系统研究，对事故发生的规律进行大规模统计研究，探索安全管理和安全控制应注意的关键环节仍然是建筑安全研究的重要方面，对建筑安全管理具有重要指导意义。  
        （2）安全问题贯穿于工程项目管理的始终，安全管理是项目顺利进行的重要保证。但当与工期、质量和费用等发生矛盾时，安全要求往往处于不利地位。尽管诸多成功的工程实践证明安全已经成为企业发展的引擎之一，安全的投入、绩效和损失仍然不能像工期和质量等一样被企业看作是经营的驱动力。因为安全的投入、绩效和损失还不能像质量和工期一样被科学的度量，因此也就很难进行定量的管理与控制。只有这个问题得到解决，安全管理才可能真正成为项目管理中不可或缺的一部分。  
        （3）由于建筑业个体性强、工作分散、变化无常、安全控制难于全面到位等特点，建筑安全文化的培育与发展对安全管理非常重要。同时，项目管理中不同企业分工合作的总分包体制也要求企业间安全文化的沟通与融合，当然也包括不同国家和地区的企业安全文化。对不同的安全文化进行比较研究，可以为项目各方的合作特别是安全方面的合作提供指导性意见，从而使整个项目具有高水平的安全管理。  
        （4）建筑安全从技术上可以分为四个方面：①工程结构本身的安全性，它与工程设计和施工技术有关；②施工设备的安全性，它与设备供应商的设计、制造以及使用者的操作技术有关；③施工过程中的设施、工具等的安全性，如脚手架、基坑支护的安全设计与施工；④施工现场和个人保护措施，它们主要与现场的技术管理有关。这四个方面都有大量的研究工作亟待进行。  
        （5）近年来新的施工技术施工机械的使用对建筑安全提出了新的问题，同时计算机、网络以及通讯技术的发展也为安全管理提供了新的可能的手段。土木工程作为一个变化较慢的行业，须要对新技术的应用（特别是在相关行业的应用）保持持续的关注，探讨提高安全管理水平的新途径。  
参考文献  
1. Sanders G J E M. en Neuijen B. Bedrijfscultuur: Diagnose en Beinvloeding. Van Gorkum. Assen, 1987  
2. Health and Safety Executive, UK. Successful Health &;amp; Safety Management. 1995  
3. 方东平, 曹晓灵, 黄新宇. 建筑工程意外伤害保险浅议. 上海保险. 1998 (5)  
4. 方东平, 曹晓灵, 黄新宇. 论建筑工程意外伤害保险费率的厘定. 保险研究. 1999 (3)  
5. 方东平, 秦春芳, 金龙. 用调整工伤保险费率的方法刺激企业改善安全管理. 建筑. 1997 (10)  
6. John G Everett, Willard S Thompson. Experience Modification Rating For Workers’ Compensation Insurance. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 1995  
7. Fang D P, Cao X L, Huang X Y. Construction Accidental Injury Insurance in China. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Implementation of Safety and Health on Construction Sites. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 1999, 411"418  
8. Huang X Y, Fang D P, Li X D. Construction Accident Losses: How Much An Accident Costs. Proceedings of 2000’ International Symposium on Safety Science and Technology. Beijing: 2000  
9. Huang X Y, Fang D P, Geng C D. Improve Construction Safety Through Development of Workers’ Compensation Insurance (WCI). Proceedings of 2000’ International Symposium on Safety Science and Technology Beijing: 2000  
10. Donn E Hancher, Jesus M De la Garza, Gregory K Eckert. Improving Workers’ Compensation Management in Construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 1997  
11. John A. Gambatese. Designing for Safety. Construction Safety and Health Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000  
12. Gambatese J A. Liability in Designing for Safety. Construction Worker Safety. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 1998. 4(3) 107"112  
13. Jimmie W Hinze. Construction Safety. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1997  
14. macCollum D V. Construction Safety Planning. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, N. Y., 1995  
15. Richard D Hislop. Who is responsible for construction Safety? Professional Safety, 1998  
16. Ronald W Sikes, Tan Qu, Richard J Coble. An Owner Looks at Safety. Construction Safety and Health Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000  
17. Blair Earl H. Achieving a Total Safety Paradigm Through Authentic Caring and Quality. Professional Safety, Journal of American Society of Safety Engineers. 1996.5:41  
18. HSE. Construction Design and Management Regulations. 1994  
19. Jimmie Hinze. Incurring the Costs of Injuries Versus Investing in Safety. Construction Safety and Health Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000  
20. Levitt R E, Samelson N M Construction Safety Management. 2nd edition. John Wiley, Sons Inc., New York: 1993  
21. Heinrich H. Industrial Accident prevention. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1941  
22. Sheriff R. Loss Control Comes of Age. Professional Safety. 1980: 15"18  
23. Bird F, R Loftus. Loss Control Management. Loganville, Ga: Institute Press, 1976  
24. Leopard E, Leonard S Costs of Construction Accidents to Employers. Journal of Occupational Accidents, 1987: 273"294  
25. Al-Mufti M A promotion of Health and Safety Culture through Accident Cost Awareness. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Implementation of Safety and Health On Construction Sites. Honolulu, Hawaii: 1999: 24"27  
26. Robinson Michal R. Accident Cost Accounting as a Means of Improving Construction Safety. Department of Civil Engineering Technical Report No. 242, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 1979  
27. Hinze J, Appelgate L. Costs of Construction Injuries. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 117. 1991(3): 537"550  
28. 方东平, 黄新宇, 李晓东, 黄志伟. 建筑业安全事故经济损失研究. 建筑经济, 2000.3  
29. Huang X Y, Fang D P, Geng C D. Improve Construction Safety Through Development of Workers’ Compensation Insurance (WCI). Proceedings of 2000’ International Symposium on Safety Science and Technology. Beijing: 2000.8  
30. 方东平, 黄新宇, 李强等. 建筑项目安全投入与安全业绩关系研究. 建筑经济, 2001. 1  
31. 邓小林等. 建筑工地事故的经济损失与最有效的安全投资, 1990  
32. 河南省建五公司. 施工现场安全措施费与劳保费测算. 建筑安全, 1999(2)  
33. Edward J Jaselskis, Stuart D Anderson, Jeffrey S Russell. Strategies For Achieving Excellence in Construction Safety Performance. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 1996.3  
34. Levitt R E, Parker H W. Reducing construction accidents-top management’s role. Journal of Construction Division 1976. 102 (3): 465"478  
35. Hinze J, Turnover, New Workers and Safety. Journal of Construction. Division. 1978. 104(4): 409"417  
36. Hinze J, Pannullo J. Safety: Function of Job Control. Journal of Construction Division. 1978. 104(2): 241"249  
37. Hinze J, Parker H W. Safety Productivity and Job Pressures. Journal of Construction Division, 1978. 104 (1)  
38. Hinze, Gordon F. Supervisor-worker Relationship Affects Injury Rate. Journal of Construction Division, 1979. 105 (3): 253"261  
39. Hinze J, Harrison C. Safety Programs in Large Construction Firms. Journal of Construction Division 1981. 107 (3): 455"467  
40. Samelson N M, Levitt R E. Owner’s Guidelines for Selecting Safe Contractors. Journal of Construction Division. 1982. 108 (4): 617"623  
41. Hinze J, Raboud P. Safety on large Building Construction Projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 1988. 114 (2): 286"293  
42. Hinze J, Figone L A. Subcontractor Safety as Influenced by General Contractors on Small and Medium Size Projects. Source Document 38, Construction Industry Inst., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash, 1988  
43. Hinze J, Figone L A. Subcontractor Safety as Influenced by General Contractors on Large Projects. Source Document 39, Construction Industry Inst., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash, 1988  
44. Liska R W, Goodloe D, Sen R. Zero Accident Techniques. Source Document 86, Construction Industry Inst., Unive, of Texas at Austin, Tex, 1993  
45. Hatush Z, Skitmore M. Criteria for Contractor Selection. Construction Management &;amp; Economics. 1997. 15 (1): 19"38  
46. Hong Kong Housing Authority. Performance Assessment Scoring System Manual. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Housing Authority, 1990  
47. Barrie D S, Paulson B C. Professional Construction Management, 3rd Ed. Chapter 17: Safety and Health in Construction. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1992  
48. Boyd C Paulson. Safety Program for Volunteer-Based Construction projects. Construction Safety and Health Management. New Jevsey: prentice Hall, 2000  
49. Richard J Coble, Brent R. Elliott. Scheduling for Construction Safety Construction Safety and Health Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000.  
50. John Smallwood and Theo C. Haupt. Safety and Health team building. Construction Safety and Health Management. New Jevsey: Prentice Hall, 2000  
51. Geller Sott E. Ten Principles for Achieving a Total Safety Culture. Professional Safety, Journal of American Society of Safety Engineers. 1994. 39  
52. Griffiths B. Ten principles for achieving a Total Safety Culture. National Safety. July/August, 1995 6/8: 7"9  
53. Bosshart B. The Basics of Total Quality Management of Construction. Total Quality Management AIC Forum. Arkansas: Little Rock 1992  
54. Kent D. Implications of the relationship between construction quality and safety. Construction Safety and Health Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000  
55. Bird F. Management Guide to Loss Control. Atlanta: Institute Press, 1974  
56. Lingard H C. Safety in Hong Kong’s Construction Industry: Changing Worker Behavior, Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Surveying, the University of Hong Kong, 1995  
57. Adams E. Accident Causation and the Management System. 1978  
58. Petersen D. Techniques of Safety Management. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971  
59. Lingard H C, Rowlinson S. Behavior-based Safety Management in Hong Kong’s Construction Industry. Journal of Safety Research, Elsevier. 1997. 28 (4): 243"256  
60. Steve Rowlinson. Human Factors in Construction Safety-Management Issues. Construction Safety and health Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000  
61. Gregory A Howell. What is lean construction. Proceedings IGLC-7, 1996.6: 26"28  
62. 刘西拉。 结构工程学科的现状与展望。 北京： 人民交通出版社， 1997  
63. Nielsen. K Load on Reinforced Concrete Floor, Slabs and Their Deformation During Construction, Buletin No. 15, Final Report, Swedish Cement and Concrete research Institute, Royal Institute of Technology, Stokholm. 1952  
64. Paul Grundy, A Kabaila. Construction Loads on Slabs with Shored Formwork in Multistory Buildings. J. ACI, Proceedings, 1963. 60 (12): 1729"1738  
65. Liu X L, Chen W F, Browman M D. Construction Load analysis for concrete structures. J. Struct. Engrg ASCE, 1985. 111 (5): 1019"1036  
66. Liu X L, Chen W F, Browman W D. Shore-Slab Interaction in Concrete Buildings. Journal of Structural Engineering and Management, ASCE, 1986. 112 (2): 227"224  
67. Liu X L, Chen W F Effects of Creep on Load Distribution in Multistory Buildings. ACI Structural Journal. 1987. 84 (3)  
68. Chen W F, Mosallam K. Concrete Buildings Analysis for Safe Construction, CRC, Inc, 1991  
69. 方东平, 祝宏毅, 耿川东, 刘西拉. 施工期钢筋混凝土结构特性的实测研究. 土木工程学报, 2001. 34 (1)  
70. 方东平, 耿川东, 祝宏毅, 刘西拉. 施工期钢筋混凝土结构特性的计算研究. 土木工程学报, 2000. 33 (6)